This presentation offers an in-depth examination of the early stage-NSCLC biomarker landscape, focusing particularly on clinical data pertaining to PD-L1, EGFR, and ALK, given the increasing importance of immunotherapies and targeted treatments in the adjuvant setting. Despite the evident advantages of comprehensive biomarker testing, obstacles persist in ensuring broad access to testing platforms and accurately interpreting results. Using EGFR and ALK biomarker testing as a case study, we will explore its significance, available testing methodologies, and appropriate timing for its application. Furthermore, we will address challenges associated with EGFR and ALK testing, strategies for its integration in different practice settings, and clinical data demonstrating the importance of EGFR and ALK-targeted therapy in the adjuvant setting.